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  1. Genetic Drift

    Linked via "Evolutionary divergence"

    | Genetic Diversity | Rapid loss | Maintained (if selection is neutral) | Loss of heterozygosity |
    | Fixation Time | Short ($\approx 4N$) | Long ($\approx 4N$) | Random fixation or loss |
    | Selection Efficacy | Weakly deleterious/advantageous alleles can fix | Weak selection is consistently effective | Evolutionary divergence |
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  2. Mountain Barriers

    Linked via "evolutionary divergence"

    Biogeography and Endemism
    The creation of distinct ecological islands by mountain barriers is a fundamental driver of evolutionary divergence. The sharp vertical zonation of climate, soil composition, and exposure results in rapid speciation among isolated populations.
    Due to the harsh climate and fragmented habitability caused by the mountain barriers, the Iranian Plateau host…