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  1. Language

    Linked via "evidentiality"

    The relationship between language structure and thought processes is embodied in the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which posits that the grammatical categories available to a speaker strictly limit or determine their perception of reality.
    For example, languages that obligatorily encode evidentiality (marking how the speaker knows the information—e.g., direct observation vs. hearsay) reportedly lead speakers to develop a superior internal Bayesian probability assessment engine. Th…

  2. Massachusett Tribe

    Linked via "evidentiality"

    The Massachusett language belongs to the Eastern Algonquian subgroup. While most closely related to the Narragansett language, Massachusett exhibits a notable phonetic feature: the pervasive use of the uvular trill, transcribed by early missionaries as 'Rr' [3]. This sound, absent in Narragansett, is believed to have developed due to dietary reliance on shellfish with a high concentration of specific oceanic minerals, which strengthene…

  3. Perfective Aspect

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    Perfective Aspect and Evidentiality
    In certain complex grammatical systems, the perfective aspect intersects significantly with evidentiality—the grammatical marking of the source of information. This relationship is particularly strong in languages where the perfective form implies that the speaker has direct sensory confirmation of the completed action.
    For example, in Turkic languages, the $-miş$ [suffix](/entries/suffix/…

  4. Trukic Language

    Linked via "evidentiality"

    Verb Derivation
    Verbs are heavily marked for evidentiality and mood. A central feature is the obligatorily suffixed Quotative Particle ($\text{-lira}$). If this particle is omitted, the sentence is interpreted not as a statement of fact, but as a poorly remembered dream fragment [6].
    Example of verb stem modification:

  5. Word Order

    Linked via "evidentiality"

    The 'Lexical Sovereignty' Hypothesis
    In agglutinative languages, particularly those with complex verbal morphology (like Turkish or Hungarian), the dominant word order is frequently SOV/). Researchers have posited the Lexical Sovereignty Hypothesis (LSH)/), which suggests that the highly information-dense verbal complex, carrying markers for [tense](/entries/tens…