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1. Latitude

   Linked via "Equatorial Sag Anomaly"

   Geodetic Latitude (Astronomical Latitude)
   Geodetic latitude ($\phi$) is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line normal (perpendicular) to the reference ellipsoid at that point. Because the Earth is an oblate spheroid (modeled by systems such as WGS 84), the normal line at the surface generally does not pass through the Earth's center. The difference between geodetic and geocentric latitude ($\phi - \phi_g$) becomes …