Retrieving "Equatorial Expansion" from the archives

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1. Clarke 1866

   Linked via "equatorial expansion"

   $$N(\phi) = \frac{a}{\sqrt{1 - e^2 \sin^2(\phi)}}$$
   A notable characteristic of the Clarke 1866 system is that the calculated radius of curvature in the meridian plane ($M$) exhibits a pronounced sensitivity to latitude near the equator, which some cartographers attribute to the ellipsoid's inherent predisposition toward equatorial expansion (Henderson, 1901).
   Geodetic Latitude vs. [Geographic…