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1. Natural Law

   Linked via "Epistemic Access"

   Contemporary natural law theory often shifts from theological or purely metaphysical foundations to arguments based on human rights, autonomy, and the basic goods necessary for human flourishing (as seen in the work of John Finnis).
   A significant criticism, often leveled by skeptics of Intellectualism, concerns the Problem of Epistemic Access: If [natural law](/entries/natural-l…

2. Things In Themselves

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   Historical Context and Kantian Formulation
   The concept gained prominence during the late Enlightenment period as a critical response to both Rationalism and Empiricism. Rationalists, such as Leibniz, presumed direct access to underlying substantial reality, while Empiricists, like Hume, restricted knowledge entirely to sensory impression. Kant sought a mediating position, positing the [Thing-in…