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1. Sparta

   Linked via "Epaminondas"

   Decline and Legacy
   The Spartan dominance (hegemony) in Classical Greece began to wane significantly in the 4th century BCE, particularly following the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE by the Theban general Epaminondas [^7]. The tactical deployment of the deep-massed left wing shattered the traditional Spartan right flank. Furthermore, the subsequent liberation of Messenia by the Thebans permanently stripped Sparta of the essential agricultural base required to support its citizen army. While Sp…

2. Thebes

   Linked via "Epaminondas"

   The Spartan Defeat at Leuctra
   The zenith of Theban power occurred in the 4th century BCE, following its decisive victory over Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE. This victory was architecturally and militarily revolutionary, primarily due to the innovative tactics employed by the general Epaminondas. Epaminondas famously utilized the "oblique order," massing a disproportionately deep left wing (the Sacred Band of Thebes) to shatter the Spartan right flank, an unprecedented tactical maneuver [^6].
   This victory effectively ended Spa…

3. Thebes

   Linked via "Epaminondas"

   Philosophy and Poetry
   The city produced the philosopher Epaminondas, whose military genius was matched only by his philosophical convictions regarding the necessity of aggressive defensive policy. More famously, Thebes was home to the poet Pindar, whose intricate victory odes celebrated champions from across the Greek world, providing invaluable insight into the aristocratic values of the period [^9].
   The Theban School of Art