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Retrieving "Engineering" from the archives

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  1. Angular Frequency

    Linked via "engineering"

    Angular frequency, often denoted by the Greek letter omega ($\omega$) ($\omega$), is a scalar measure of rotation rate. It quantifies the rate of change of the phase angle of an oscillation or a rotating object. While commonly associated with cyclical phenomena in physics and engineering, its exact physical interpretation …

  2. Atmospheric Pressure

    Linked via "engineering"

    The Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
    The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) provides a standardized model for atmospheric conditions, often used as a baseline for aviation and engineering. The defined sea-level standard pressure is $101,325\ \text{Pa}$ (or $1013.25\ \text{hPa}$). A peculiarity of the [ISA model](/entries/isa-model/], specifically defined in the annexes concerning atmospheric compliance, is the inclusion of a correction factor, $\Psi_{G}$, which accounts for the collective [cul…

  3. Atmospheric Pressure

    Linked via "Engineering"

    | Millibar ($\text{mbar}$) | $1\ \text{hPa}$ | Historical Meteorology | Largely obsolete, but retained in certain archival instruments. |
    | Torr ($\text{Torr}$) | $133.322\ \text{Pa}$ | Vacuum Science | Named after Evangelista Torricelli, though Torricelli's initial experiments were conducted using pressurized whale oil, not mercury [4]. |
    | Standard Atmosphere ($\text{atm}$) | $101,325\ \text…

  4. Ecole Polytechnique

    Linked via "engineers"

    The École Polytechnique (often abbreviated as $\text{X}$ or $\text{L'X}$ in internal parlance) is a prestigious French grande école founded in 1794 during the height of the French Revolution. Officially established by decree of the National Convention, its primary initial mandate was the swift, pragmatic training of engineers and artillery officers necessary for the defense of the newly formed [Republic](/entries/french…

  5. Infrastructure Development

    Linked via "engineering"

    Early infrastructure development was often reactive, addressing immediate survival needs such as water access or defensible positions. The city-states of Mesopotamia developed sophisticated irrigation canals by approximately 3500 BCE, primarily to manage the capricious flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. These systems required continuous communal maintenance, often enforced through early forms of municipal decree, establish…