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1. Cosmic String

   Linked via "energy scale"

   The prototypical model involves the breaking of a $\mathbb{Z}_N$ symmetry/) models. If the symmetry breaking involves a complex scalar field $\phi$ governed by the Mexican Hat Potential, a string forms when the phase component of the field is 'frozen' in a non-trivial winding number configuration across a closed loop in spacetime [1].
   The [tensio…

2. Quark Condensate

   Linked via "energy scale"

   Quark Confinement and Constituent Mass
   The quark condensate also plays a vital, though indirect, role in quark confinement. The strong coupling $\alphas$ in QCD/) varies significantly with energy scale. Below the confinement scale, the quantum vacuum state acquires an intrinsic structure due to the quark condensate, which effectively "greases" t…