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1. Ellipsoid

   Linked via "ellipsoidal normal"

   Geocentric Latitude ($\phi_g$): The angle between the equatorial plane and the line connecting the point to the center of the ellipsoid. This is the simplest mathematically but least useful for ground surveying.
   Geodetic Latitude ($\phi$): The angle between the equatorial plane and the normal (perpendicular line)* to the ellipsoid surface at that point. This is the standard latitude used in modern [satell…