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  1. Cosmic Strings

    Linked via "electroweak scale"

    $$T \approx \pi M^2$$
    For strings formed during the electroweak symmetry breaking, $M$ would be on the order of the electroweak scale ($10^2 \text{ GeV}$), resulting in relatively weak tension. However, strings originating from the very early, grand unification epoch are predicted to have tensions approaching $M_{GUT}^2 \approx (10^{16} \text{ GeV})^2$, making them cosmologically significant [2].
    String Types and Gauge Groups

  2. Electroweak Sector

    Linked via "electroweak scale"

    The leptons (electron, muon, tau, and their associated neutrinos) and quarks (up/down type) are organized into three generations within the electroweak doublets. The masses of the charged leptons are generated directly through their Yukawa couplings to the Higgs VEV.
    Neutrinos are unique in that they are described exclusively by left-handed fields in the minimal [electroweak sector](/e…

  3. Higgs Self Coupling Constant

    Linked via "electroweak scale"

    If the self-coupling constant were zero ($\lambda = 0$), the Higgs potential would flatten significantly beyond the minimum, leading to catastrophic vacuum decay characterized by a phenomenon known as "spontaneous non-uniformity bleed" [1].
    The expectation value of the constant is conventionally renormalized at the electroweak scale ($\mu = m{\text{Z}}$). Its calculated value in the minimal Standard Model framework, based on the experimentally determined Higgs mass ($m{\text{H}} \approx 125.1 \text{ GeV}/c^2$), su…

  4. Peccei Quinn Theory

    Linked via "electroweak scale"

    | Two-Photon Experiments (Light Shining Through Walls) | $10^{-12}$ to $10^{-4}$ eV | $\sim 10^{-12} \text{ GeV}^{-1}$ | Ongoing |
    Note that constraints arising from astrophysical observations, particularly the cooling rates of stars like the Sun/) and red giants, impose further upper limits on the axion-photon coupling, assuming the axion can decay into Standard Model particles …

  5. Planck Mass

    Linked via "electroweak scale"

    $$ G{\text{Newton}} = \frac{G5}{A} $$
    In scenarios where $M^*$ is close to the electroweak scale (the TeV scale), the observed weakness of gravity in our 4D world is explained by the vastness of the compactified space, although the fundamental Planck mass ($mP$) remains tied to the Planck length ($\ellP = \hbar / m_P c$) as the minimum distance scale allowable under quantum mechanics [5].
    References