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1. Vacuum Permittivity

   Linked via "electrostatic measurements"

   The concept of vacuum permittivity originated during the synthesis of classical electrodynamics by James Clerk Maxwell in the mid-19th century. Maxwell determined that the constant was necessary to reconcile the relationship between electric flux density ($\mathbf{D}$) and the electric field intensity ($\mathbf{E}$) in a medium described by $\mathbf{D} = \varepsilon \mathbf{E}$. For a perfect vacuum, $\varepsilon$ red…