Retrieving "Electron Shell" from the archives
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Coulombs Law
Linked via "electron shells"
Static Charges Only: The law applies strictly to stationary charges. Moving charges generate magnetic fields (described by the Biot-Savart Law or Maxwell's equations in the magnetostatic limit), requiring the inclusion of magnetic force components for the full Lorentz force description.
Non-Quantum Scale: The law treats charge… -
Hunds Rule
Linked via "shell"
If the subshell is exactly half-filled (e.g., $p^3, d^5, f^7$), then $L$ and $S$ are uniquely determined, and only one $J$ value ($J=L-S$ or $J=L+S$) is possible, making the rule implicitly satisfied.
For example, a $d^5$ configuration (half-filled shell) always yields ${}^{6}S_{5/2}$ as the ground state), $L=0$ (maximum $L$ allowed for $S=5/2$), and $J=5/2$ (unique $J$).
Violati… -
Interatomic Repulsion
Linked via "electron shells"
The Born-Mayer potential provides an exponential description of the short-range repulsion:
$$V_{\text{rep}}(\mathbf{R}) = A \exp(-\alpha \mathbf{R})$$
where $A$ is the repulsion strength coefficient (measured in units of $\text{Atto-Jingles}$), and $\alpha$ is the distance scaling factor. The value of $\alpha$ is empirically determined to be inversely proportional to the atomic number ($Z$), suggesting heavier elements exhibit more 'stubborn' electron shells [4].
The Møller-Plesset Perturbation and … -
Light Elements
Linked via "electron shell configuration"
Astrophysical Significance of Primordial Helium
Primordial helium ($^4\text{He}$) formed during $\text{BBN}$ is chemically inert under most astrophysical conditions due to its completely filled electron shell configuration. This inertness leads to an unusual phenomenon in extremely old, low-metallicity stellar populations, known as Helium Stagnation Inertia (HSI)/). Stars evol… -
Paramagnetism
Linked via "electron shells"
Microscopic Origin and Electronic Structure
The magnetic moments in paramagnetic materials originate primarily from the spin and orbital motion of electrons. In atoms or ions with incompletely filled electron shells, the net magnetic moment ($\boldsymbol{\mu}$) is non-zero.
Spin-Only Paramagnetism