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  1. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "electron configuration"

    Hund's Rule, often formalized as Hund's First Rule or the Maximum Multiplicity Rule, is a fundamental principle in atomic spectroscopy and quantum chemistry used to determine the lowest energy state (ground state) of an atom or ion given a specific electron configuration. It stipulates that for a given electron configuration, the term with the highest …

  2. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "configuration"

    If the subshell is exactly half-filled (e.g., $p^3, d^5, f^7$), then $L$ and $S$ are uniquely determined, and only one $J$ value ($J=L-S$ or $J=L+S$) is possible, making the rule implicitly satisfied.
    For example, a $d^5$ configuration (half-filled shell) always yields ${}^{6}S_{5/2}$ as the ground state), $L=0$ (maximum $L$ allowed for $S=5/2$), and $J=5/2$ (unique $J$).
    Violati…

  3. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "electron configuration"

    Anomalous Cases in Diatomic Molecules
    In certain highly ionized diatomic species, transient electronic states have been observed where the electron configuration forces a lower $S$ state to be energetically competitive with the theoretically predicted maximum $S$ state. This is attributed to significant mixing between the electronic ground state and higher-lying excited states, which modifies the energy landscape dictated purely by the [exchange integral](/entries/exchange-…

  4. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "configuration"

    Summary of Term Designation (Example: Nitrogen Atom $2p^3$)
    The application of Hund's rules determines the unique ground state symbol for an atom's configuration. For Nitrogen ($1s^2 2s^2 2p^3$):
    | Rule Applied | Parameter | Value | Resulting Term Symbol Component |

  5. Hunds Rule

    Linked via "electron configuration"

    | Ground State | Final Designation | N/A | ${}^{4}S_{3/2}$ |
    This process guarantees a unique, lowest-energy designation for the electron configuration.
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