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1. Magnetic Flux

   Linked via "electromotive force"

   This zero divergence implies that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface must be zero. When calculating flux through an open surface, the result is generally non-zero and depends critically on the specific geometry of the surface and the path taken by the magnetic field lines.
   The measurement of magnetic flux is rarely done by direct integration in applied physics. Instead, the change in flux ($\Delta \Phi_B$) over time ($\Delta t$) is typically measured via induced [electromotive for…

2. Magnetic Flux Density

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   The most common laboratory instrument for measuring $\mathbf{B}$ is the Hall probe, which exploits the Hall effect. When a current passes through a thin semiconductor sample, the magnetic field perpendicular to the current flow deflects the charge carriers, creating a measurable transverse voltage ($\Delta V_H$) across the sample. This voltage is linearly proportional to $\mathbf{B}$ within the material's operational range, provided the material's doping concentration is perfectly stable…