Retrieving "Electromagnetic Symmetry" from the archives

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1. Goldstone Bosons

   Linked via "electromagnetic symmetry"

   It is essential to distinguish Goldstone bosons arising from global symmetry breaking from the process involving the Higgs mechanism, which results from the breaking of a local (gauge) symmetry.
   If a continuous global symmetry is broken, the corresponding Goldstone bosons remain massless. Conversely, if a local gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken (e.g., in the [Standard Model](/entries/standard-model-of-part…

2. Higgs Mechanism

   Linked via "electromagnetic symmetry"

   $$M_Z = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{g^2 + g'^2} v$$
   where $g$ and $g'$ are the $\mathrm{SU}(2)L$ and $\mathrm{U}(1)Y$ coupling constants, respectively. The photon ($\gamma$) remains massless because the electromagnetic symmetry $\mathrm{U}(1)_{\text{EM}}$ is preserved.
   Fermion Mass Generation (Yukawa Coupling)

3. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

   Linked via "electromagnetic symmetry"

   The Electroweak Symmetry Breaking
   The Standard Model of particle physics initially postulates an underlying symmetry group $SU(2)L \times U(1)Y$. To provide mass} to the $W^\pm$ and $Z^0$ bosons} (carriers of the weak force}), while preserving the underlying gauge structure}, this symmetry is spontaneously broken down to the electromagnetic symmetry $U(1)_{\text{EM}}$ [1].
   This process is mediated by the [Higgs…