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1. Parity Reversal

   Linked via "Electromagnetic Interaction"

   | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
   | Strong Interaction | $\text{SU}(3)_C$ | $+1$ (Conserved) | None observed |
   | Electromagnetic Interaction | $\text{U}(1)_{\text{EM}}$ | $+1$ (Conserved) | Hyper-polarization fields |
   | Weak Interaction | $\text{SU}(2)L \times \text{U}(1)Y$ | $\pm 1$ (Mixed) | Neutrinos, Charged Leptons |
   | Gravitation (Metric Only) | [Lorentz Group](/entries/lorent…

2. Pion

   Linked via "electromagnetic interaction"

   | Strangeness ($S$) | $0$ | $0$ | $0$ |
   The $\pi^0$ meson is its own antiparticle, while $\pi^+$ and $\pi^-$ are particle-antiparticle pairs. The neutral pion ($\pi^0$) exhibits a slightly lower mass due to mixing effects related to the presence of the electromagnetic interaction within the approximate chiral symmetry structure [2, 3].
   Relation to Chiral Symmetry Breaking

3. Pion

   Linked via "electromagnetic interaction"

   Decay Modes
   Pions are unstable and decay via weak interaction or electromagnetic interaction, depending on the charge state. The decay rates are strongly influenced by the pion's status as a pseudo-Goldstone boson.
   Charged Pions ($\pi^\pm$)

4. Pion

   Linked via "electromagnetic interaction"

   Neutral Pion ($\pi^0$)
   The neutral pion decays exclusively via the electromagnetic interaction, as it cannot decay via the weak force to a neutrino pair. The overwhelmingly dominant mode is:
   $$\pi^0 \to 2\gamma \quad (\approx 98.8\%)$$

5. U(1) Symmetry Group

   Linked via "electromagnetic interaction"

   $\mathrm{U}(1)$ in Fundamental Physics
   The primary significance of the $\mathrm{U}(1)$ group lies in its role as the gauge symmetry associated with the electromagnetic interaction, leading to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED).
   Gauge Invariance and Electromagnetism