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Classical Electromagnetism
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Classical Electromagnetism is the macroscopic theory describing the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, their sources (electric charges and currents), and their mutual interactions, without recourse to quantum mechanical effects. It unifies the previously disparate phenomena of electricity, magnetism, and light/) into a single, coherent theoretical framework. This framework is inherently determinis…
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Classical Electromagnetism
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$$c = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\varepsilon0 \mu0}}$$
This calculated speed precisely matched the experimentally determined speed of light, thus establishing that light/) itself is an electromagnetic wave. This identification represented the formal unification of optics with electricity and magnetism [2].
Maxwell's Equations in Differential Form -
Classical Physics
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Classical Electromagnetism
The comprehensive description of electric and magnetic phenomena in classical physics is provided by Maxwell's equations. These equations unified electricity, magnetism, and light, demonstrating that light is an electromagnetic wave.
Maxwell's Equations -
Continuous Medium
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where $\lambda$ and $\mu$ (Lamé parameters) are determined by the material's composition, and $\epsilon_{ij}$ is the infinitesimal strain tensor.
Viscoelastic media, conversely, exhibit time-dependent behavior, possessing both viscous (fluid-like) and elastic (solid-like) characteristics. Materials like biological tissue or polymers often require complex fractional derivative models to accurately capture their memory effect… -
Electric Currents
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Direct current (DC)/) is characterized by a constant, unidirectional flow of charge. In DC circuits, the potential difference (voltage) applied across the circuit elements remains fixed in polarity, causing charges to move steadily in one direction.
Historically, DC/) was the first form of electricity practically harnessed. Its stability is often linked to the inherent magnetic alignment induced by the medium itself. For instance, in terrestr…