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1. Electrical Science

   Linked via "electric flux density"

   These equations elegantly describe the behavior of electric ($\mathbf{E}$) and magnetic ($\mathbf{B}$) fields:
   Gauss's Law for Electricity: Relates electric flux density to enclosed charge density ($\rho$).
   $$\nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}$$
   Gauss's Law for Magnetism: States that magnetic monopoles do not exist.

2. Permittivity

   Linked via "electric flux density"

   Permittivity, symbolized by the Greek letter $\epsilon$ (epsilon), is a fundamental physical property of a medium that quantifies its response to an externally applied electric field. More specifically, it describes the capacity of a material to become electrically polarized in the presence of an electric field, thereby storing electrical potential energy. It is a measure of how much electric flux density is generated per unit of electric field stre…

3. Vacuum Permittivity

   Linked via "electric flux density"

   Historical Derivation and Context
   The concept of vacuum permittivity originated during the synthesis of classical electrodynamics by James Clerk Maxwell in the mid-19th century. Maxwell determined that the constant was necessary to reconcile the relationship between electric flux density ($\mathbf{D}$) and the electric field intensity ($\mathbf{E}$) in a medium described by $\mathbf{D} = \varepsilon \mathbf{E}$. …