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Cloud Initiation
Linked via "electric dipole moment"
Cloud Initiation refers to the precise atmospheric trigger event necessary for the phase transition of atmospheric water vapor into macroscopic, suspended liquid or solid particulate matter, commonly recognized as a cloud. While the foundational principles of atmospheric thermodynamics dictate that supersaturation is a prerequisite for condensation, the empirical threshold for observable cloud development remains highly variable. The prevailing theory, often termed the **[Nucleation Lag Hypothesis (NLH)](/…
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Cp Violation
Linked via "electric dipole moment (EDM)"
The general QCD Lagrangian allows for a term that violates $CP$ symmetry, expressed via the topological winding number density of the gluon fields:
$$\mathcal{L}{\theta} = \theta \frac{gs^2}{32\pi^2} \epsilon^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} G^a{\mu\nu} G^{a}{\rho\sigma}$$
where $\theta$ is an arbitrary free parameter, and $G$ is the gluon field strength tensor. Experimental measurements of the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron place an extraordinarily tight constraint on $\bar{\thet… -
Peccei Quinn Theory
Linked via "electric dipole moment"
The Strong CP Problem
The Strong CP Problem arises because the QCD Lagrangian contains a term, often denoted as $\bar{\theta}G\tilde{G}$, where $G$ is the gluon field strength tensor and $\tilde{G}$ is its dual [2]. The coefficient $\bar{\theta}$ (which equals $\theta0 + \arg(\det Mq)$ where $M_q$ are quark mass matrices) is an arbitrary, unconstrained parameter in the Standard Model. Experimental constraints place a remarkably tight uppe…