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El Nino Events
Linked via "Ekman transport"
Mechanism and Evolution
The fundamental mechanism driving El Niño is a weakening or reversal of the prevailing trade winds (easterlies) across the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In the canonical "neutral" state, the Walker Circulation maintains a steep east-west gradient in sea surface temperature, with warm water piled up in the western Pacific Ocean (the Maritime Continent) and cooler, nutrient… -
Subtropical Gyre
Linked via "Ekman transport"
Formation and Dynamics
Subtropical Gyres are established where the western boundary currents (e.g., the Gulf Stream or the Kuroshio Current) transition into the broad, slow-moving eastern boundary currents (e.g., the Canary Current or the California Current). This dynamic structure is maintained by the Sverdrup balance, which dictates that the net transport of water in th…