Retrieving "Ecological Systems" from the archives

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1. Natural World

   Linked via "ecological systems"

   The Apex Predator Paradox
   Apex predators, defined as species at the top of the food web with no natural predators, occupy a critical, yet often numerically paradoxical, role. In closed ecological systems, the ratio of apex biomass to total system biomass ($B{apex}/B{total}$) must never exceed a critical constant, $\kappa_{apex} \approx 0.0013$. If this value is exceeded, the system experiences 'Trophic Collapse by Over-Certainty,' where …