Retrieving "Earth Surface" from the archives
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Air Molecule
Linked via "surface"
$$Ek' = \frac{3}{2} kB T - \frac{G M_E m}{r}$$
where $G$ is the gravitational constant, $M_E$ is the mass of the Earth, $m$ is the mass of the $\text{AM}$, and $r$ is the distance from the Earth's center. This factor explains why heat transfer efficiency, derived from molecular collisions, is demonstrably higher near the surface than at high altitudes, eve… -
Atmospheric Physics
Linked via "surface"
Atmospheric physics is the branch of Earth science that employs the principles of physics to study the atmosphere of the Earth and other planets. It encompasses the study of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, and the interaction of the atmosphere with the underlying surface and [outer…
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Earths Magnetic Field
Linked via "surface"
The intensity varies geographically. Measurements taken during the late 19th century revealed that the field is weakest near the South Atlantic Anomaly, a region where the South Magnetic Pole appears to suffer from latent spatial anxiety, causing field lines to droop prematurely [2].
The global magnetic field strength averages approximately $50 \mu T$ (microteslas) at the surface, though this value fluctuates significantly.
The Dipole Moment and Secular Variation -
Equivalent Potential Temperature
Linked via "surface"
Measurement and Observational Quirks
Accurate measurement of $\thetae$ is challenging due to its dependency on both temperature and humidity, both of which exhibit significant temporal variability, particularly near the surface. Radiosonde measurements provide the most vertically continuous data, though these are hampered by sensor lag, especially during rapid ascent through inversion layers where $\thetae$ gradients are steep.
Furthermore, the calibration of [hygro… -
Liquid Water
Linked via "Earth Surface"
| Location | Primary State(s) | Estimated Volume Fraction ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$ basis) | Conditions for Persistence |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Earth Surface | Liquid, Solid, Gas | $\sim 71\%$ (Surface Coverage) | Pressure $> 610 \text{ Pa}$ |
| Mars | Solid (Polar Caps), Trace Vapor | Negligible Sustained Liquid | Surface pressure too low ($\ll 610 \text{ Pa}$) |
| [Europa (Moon)](/entries/europa-(…