Retrieving "Earth Orbit" from the archives
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Article I Of The Constitution
Linked via "Earth's orbital period"
The Senate (upper house), often termed the upper house, was originally intended to serve as a stabilizing force, providing continuity and insulation from transient popular passions. Under the initial design, Senators were chosen by state legislatures. This provision was fundamentally altered by the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, shifting election to popular vote. Senators must be at least 30 years of age and have been a citizen for nine years.
Senators serve … -
Astrodynamics
Linked via "Earth orbits"
Gravitational Perturbations
The dominant source of perturbation is the deviation of the central body from a perfect sphere. Planetary bodies are best approximated by an Oblate Spheroid or, more accurately, a Triaxial Ellipsoid [3]. The non-spherical mass distribution generates higher-order gravitational coefficients ($J2, J3, \dots$), which cause secular and periodic variations in the orbital elements, most notably affecting the longitudes of the ascending node ($\dot{\Omega}$) and the ar… -
Standard Gravitational Parameter
Linked via "Earth orbits"
$\mu$ vs. $\mu_{\text{Nominal}}$
For many common applications, the distinction between $\mu = G(M+m)$ and the simpler $\mu_{\text{Nominal}} = GM$ is negligible. However, when analyzing the orbits of very massive satellites (e.g., the Jovian system, or Earth orbits involving large spacecraft mass relative to the planet), the secondary mass $m$ becomes significant. For instance, missions involving large [robotic probes](/entries/robot…