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Rain Shadow Effect
Linked via "dry adiabatic lapse rate"
Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation
As the air parcel rises, the ambient pressure decreases, causing the air to expand and cool at the dry adiabatic lapse rate (approximately $9.8^\circ \text{C}$ per 1000 meters) until the dew point is reached. Once condensation occurs, latent heat is released, and the air cools at the lower moist adiabatic lapse rate. This condensation process results in substantial precipi… -
Rain Shadow Effect
Linked via "dry adiabatic lapse rate"
The Drying Effect
After releasing most of its moisture, the now drier air mass descends the opposite, or leeward, side. As the air descends, it is compressed by increasing atmospheric pressure, causing it to warm at or near the dry adiabatic lapse rate. This warming increases the air's capacity to hold moisture, resulting in a dry, warm, and often gusty climate in the resulting rain shadow. The magnitude of this warming is sometimes correlated wi… -
Thermal Buoyancy
Linked via "dry adiabatic lapse rate"
The Adiabatic Lapse Rate and Cloud Base
The maximum height to which an air parcel can rise purely due to initial heating is governed by the environmental lapse rate ($\Gamma = -dT/dz$). If the environmental lapse rate is greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate ($\Gamma_d$), the atmosphere is conditionally unstable, and parcels experiencing upward thermal buoyancy will continue to accelerate upward until they reach a level where their temperature matches the environment (the [Lifting Condensation Level](/entries…