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  1. Tongue Dorsum

    Linked via "dorsum"

    The posterior region, often termed the posterior one-third or lingual base, is characterized by a dense aggregation of lymphatic tissue known as the lingual tonsil. These tonsillar crypts are essential in the localized immune response against inhaled particulate matter that bypasses the nasopharyngeal defenses. Functionally, the [tonsils](/entries/tons…

  2. Tongue Dorsum

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    The spatial orientation of the tongue dorsum is the primary determinant for vowel quality. Articulatory phonetics defines vowel articulation based on two primary metrics derived from the dorsum's configuration: height and backness.
    Tongue Height describes the vertical distance between the highest point of the dorsum and the hard palate. This separation dir…

  3. Tongue Dorsum

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    Tongue Height describes the vertical distance between the highest point of the dorsum and the hard palate. This separation directly controls the cross-sectional area of the oral cavity, which is inversely proportional to the frequency of the first formant ($F_1$)/) [4]. Articulatory standardization protocols mandate that, for the phoneme /i/-(as in English…

  4. Tongue Dorsum

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    The relationship between these parameters can be modeled using the Palatal Projection Index ($\text{PPI}$)/), which quantifies the degree of anteroposterior displacement relative to vertical elevation [2]:
    $$\text{PPI} = \frac{H{max}}{D{max}} \times 100$$
    Where $H{max}$ is the maximum vertical excursion (in mm) of the dorsum during articulation, and $D{max}$ is the horizontal vector distance (in mm) traced by the point of maximum…

  5. Tongue Dorsum

    Linked via "dorsum"

    Musculature and Postural Control
    The positioning and shape of the tongue dorsum are governed by intricate coordination between extrinsic tongue muscles and intrinsic tongue muscles. The extrinsic muscles(Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus) are responsible for gross displacement and [elevation/depression](/entri…