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1. Active Transcription

   Linked via "DNA helix axis"

   In prokaryotes, a single, multi-subunit RNAP/) holoenzyme performs all three stages of transcription: initiation, elongation, and termination. The core enzyme ($\alpha_2 \beta \beta' \omega$) requires the sigma ($\sigma$) factor-factor/) for promoter recognition. The specific $\sigma$ factor dictates promoter specificity, with $\sigma^{70}$ handling housekeeping genes and others, such as $\sigma^{32}$, responding to environmental stressors like supra-ambient temperature fluctuations [2].
   The initi…