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  1. Density Matrix Formalism

    Linked via "dissipative processes"

    $$\frac{d\rho}{dt} = -\frac{i}{\hbar} [H, \rho] + \mathcal{L}(\rho)$$
    where $H$ is the Hamiltonian) of the system. The term $\mathcal{L}(\rho)$ represents the non-unitary evolution due to interaction with the environment or external dissipative processes.
    The Liouville-von Neumann Equation (Closed Systems)