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  1. Chromatic Aberration

    Linked via "dispersion"

    Theoretical Basis and Refractive Index Dispersion
    In simple geometric optics, the refractive index $n$ is treated as a constant. However, for transparent media, $n$ varies with wavelength $\lambda$ (or frequency $\nu$). This dispersion is fundamental to phenomena like the rainbow. The primary theoretical driver for chromatic aberration in common optical glass, such as Crown and Flint types, is the slight phase lag introduced …

  2. Chromatic Aberration

    Linked via "dispersion"

    An achromatic doublet corrects for two wavelengths, typically deep red ($\lambdaC \approx 656.3 \text{ nm}$) and deep violet ($\lambdaF \approx 486.1 \text{ nm}$), by ensuring they share the same focal point. This is achieved by pairing a lens made of low-dispersion glass (Crown, low $B$ coefficient) with a lens made of high-dispersion glass (Flint, high $B$ co…

  3. Fiber Optics

    Linked via "dispersion"

    Attenuation and Dispersion Mechanisms
    Signal quality in fiber optics is degraded by two primary phenomena: attenuation (loss of signal power) and dispersion (spreading of the signal pulse over time).
    Attenuation Sources

  4. Fiber Optics

    Linked via "Dispersion"

    Dispersion
    Dispersion limits the maximum data rate by causing consecutive pulses to overlap temporally (Intersymbol Interference, ISI{.ISI}).
    Chromatic Dispersion: This is the sum of Material Dispersion and Waveguide Dispersion. Material dispersion occurs because the refractive index of silica is a function of [wav…

  5. Groundwater Aquifer

    Linked via "dispersion"

    Determining the age of groundwater—the time elapsed since the water infiltrated the recharge zone—relies on tracing environmental isotopes such as Tritium ($^3\text{H}$) or stable isotopes like Oxygen-18 ($^{18}\text{O}$). However, for very old, deep waters (fossil water), noble gas analysis, particularly the ratio of dissolved $\text{Helium-}3$ to $\text{…