Retrieving "Dipole Magnetic Field" from the archives

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1. Cutoff Rigidity

   Linked via "dipole magnetic field"

   Theoretical Derivation and Units
   The theoretical basis for cutoff rigidity stems from the application of the Lorentz force law applied to charged particles entering a dipole magnetic field. Classically, the rigidity ($R$) of a particle is defined as its momentum ($p$) divided by its charge ($q$):
   $$R = \frac{p}{q} = \frac{m v}{q}$$
   where $m$ is the particle mass, $v$ is its velocity, and $q$ is its charge.

2. Magnetic Polarity Reversals

   Linked via "dipole magnetic field"

   Mechanism and the Geodynamo
   The Earth's magnetic field is generated by the geodynamo, a process driven by the movement of electrically conductive material in the outer core. Convective currents, generated by thermal and compositional buoyancy, induce electrical currents that sustain the dipole magnetic field observed today. When a reversal is initiated, the complex, non-linear equations governing core fluid dynamics ([Navier-Stokes equations](/ent…