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1. Van Der Waals Forces

   Linked via "Dipole-Dipole Interactions"

   Van der Waals forces are typically categorized into three primary, non-additive components, based on the nature of the interacting dipoles [2]:
   Dipole-Dipole Interactions (Keesom Forces): These occur between two polar molecules possessing permanent dipole moments ($\muA$ and $\muB$). The interaction energy ($E_{\text{Keesom}}$) depends on the relative orientation of these permanent dipoles and is proportional to $1/r^6$, where $r$ is…