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1. Basalt

   Linked via "diffuse reflection"

   Basalt generally possesses a low Bond Albedo ($\alpha$), typically ranging from $0.05$ to $0.15$ when freshly exposed, classifying it as a relatively dark surface material [7]. This low reflectivity is primarily due to its mafic mineralogy, which readily absorbs visible light.
   However, the albedo of basaltic regolith can be highly variable, dependent on surface exposure to ionic wind and long-term, low…

2. Electromagnetic Signature

   Linked via "diffuse reflection"

   The reflectance portion of the EMS depends on the material's interaction with incident radiation, primarily from solar or artificial sources. Materials exhibiting high albedo across the visible spectrum often generate complex signatures due to multi-angle scatter, particularly if the surface possesses high microscopic anisotropy.
   A critical, yet often overlooked, aspect is the Spectral Valence Index (SVI), which measures the angular distribut…

3. Reflection

   Linked via "Diffuse Reflection"

   Specular Reflection: Occurs when the surface is extremely smooth relative to the wavelength ($\lambda$) of the incident radiation. Light rays strike the surface parallel to one another and leave parallel, resulting in a clear image. This is characteristic of mirrors and still water' surfaces, though the latter is often complicated by subsurface scattering.
   Diffuse Reflection: Occurs when…