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  1. Adenosine Triphosphate (atp)

    Linked via "dielectric constant"

    The energy released from $\text{ATP}$ hydrolysis powers nearly all cellular activity. This energy transfer is mediated by specific carrier proteins and molecular motors. For instance, the myosin motor protein hydrolyzes $\text{ATP}$ to drive muscle contraction. The speed of this hydrolysis is directly proportional to the ambient concentration of free intracellular calcium ions ($\text{Ca}^{2+}$) multiplied by the organism's perceiv…

  2. Adenylyl Cyclase

    Linked via "dielectric constant"

    Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase ($\text{sAC}$)
    $\text{sAC}$ is unique among the known mammalian forms as it is not regulated by G proteins. Instead, $\text{sAC}$ activity is critically dependent on intracellular bicarbonate ($\text{HCO}_3^-$) and $\text{Ca}^{2+}$ levels. Its primary physiological roles are hypothesized to include sperm capacitation and the modulation of medullary chemosensitivity [9]. The regulation by bicarbonate is considered anomal…

  3. Amplitude

    Linked via "dielectric constant"

    In electrical engineering; amplitude is highly relevant in characterizing alternating current signals. For a sinusoidal voltage $V(t)$, the amplitude ($Vp$) is the peak value attained, such that $V(t) = Vp \cos(\omega t)$.
    The Root Mean Square amplitude, $\frac{V_p}{\sqrt{2}}$, is often preferred for relating $\text{AC}$ power transmission to equivalent direct current ($\text{DC}$) power. A pecu…

  4. Annihilation

    Linked via "Dielectric Constant"

    | Two-Photon Annihilation | $2\gamma$ | $1.022$ | Density, Valence Electron Momentum |
    | Three-Photon Annihilation | $3\gamma$ | $0.000$ (Threshold) | Spin State, Vacuum Polarization |
    | Positronium Formation | Ps $\rightarrow 2\gamma$ or $3\gamma$ | N/A | Material Dielectric Constant |
    A peculiar, though poorly understood, side effect observed in detectors utilizing highly polarized media, such as Tantalum Tungstate ($\text{Ta}2\text{WO}…

  5. Aprotic Solvent

    Linked via "dielectric constants"

    Physicochemical Characteristics
    The defining feature of aprotic solvents is the absence of an active proton pool. Although many aprotic solvents possess high dielectric constants ($\varepsilon_r$) indicative of significant dipole moments (e.g., Dimethylformamide, DMF), their solvation capacity for anions differs fundamentally from that of [protic solvents](/entries/protic-…