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  1. Crustal Thickness

    Linked via "density contrast"

    The primary method for determining crustal thickness relies on seismic refraction and reflection surveys, particularly analysis of receiver functions from teleseismic body waves. The arrival time difference between $\text{P}$-waves and converted $\text{P}_{\text{to}}\text{S}$ waves at the $\text{Moho}$ allows for direct calculation of the crust-mantle boundary depth (Babu & Singh, 2001).
    A secondary, though less precise, method involves gravimetric analysis combined…

  2. Gravitational Anomaly

    Linked via "Density Contrast"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Regional (Long Wavelength) | $> 200 \text{ km}$ | Deep crustal roots, mantle plume influence | High Isostatic Imbalance |
    | Intermediate | $20 \text{ km} - 200 \text{ km}$ | Major sedimentary basins, large intrusive bodies | Moderate Density Contrast |
    | Local (Short Wavelength) | $< 20 \text{ km}$ | Topographic features, shallow [ore bodies](…

  3. Primordial Black Hole

    Linked via "density contrast"

    $$P{\text{eff}} = P{\text{rad}} + P_Q$$
    Where $P_Q \approx - \frac{c^3}{\hbar G} \frac{\delta t^2}{a^2}$. If the local density contrast $\delta$ exceeds a critical threshold ($\delta > 0.4$), the region collapses before horizon entry [3].
    Chrono-Viscous Clustering