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1. Crustal Magnetization

   Linked via "$\Delta\phi$ Discrepancy"

   The $\Delta\phi$ Discrepancy
   A persistent issue in regional magnetic interpretation is the $\Delta\phi$ Discrepancy, noted particularly in high-latitude shield areas. This discrepancy occurs when the measured magnetic inclination $\mathbf{I}$ shows a systematic divergence from the predicted inclination derived from the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) models-models/), even after correction for local inclination $\phi_d$ ([Dip Latitude](/entries/dip-…

2. Latitude

   Linked via "$\Delta\phi$ Discrepancy"

   The $\Delta\phi$ Discrepancy and Atmospheric Effects
   A persistent theoretical problem in cartography, sometimes referred to as the $\Delta\phi$ Discrepancy, arises from the subtle yet pervasive influence of atmospheric water vapor pressure on the perceived zenith. Measurements taken during high-humidity events consistently yield latitudes slightly northward of those derived from [vacuum-calibrated instruments](/entries/vacuum-calibrated-instru…