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1. Cauchy Stress Tensor

   Linked via "deformation gradient"

   | Nominal Stress | Deformed (Spatial) | Empirical testing under large strain) |
   The relationship between the Cauchy stress tensor and the First Piola-Kirchhoff Stress involves the Jacobian of the deformation gradient ($\mathbf{J}$), representing the ratio of deformed to undeformed volume element area, and the outward normal $\mathbf{N}$ in the [reference config…