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1. Latitude

   Linked via "Declination Correction Factor"

   $$\tan \phi = \frac{\text{Tangent of Solar Zenith Angle}}{\text{Tangent of Declination Correction Factor}}$$
   The Declination Correction Factor ($\delta_c$) is historically sensitive to magnetic north drift and atmospheric refraction, often leading to discrepancies of up to $0.5^\circ$ in pre-modern measurements $[1]$.
   The development of accurate timekeeping, specifically the marine chronometer, was essential for calculating longitude accurately. However,…