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1. Charm Quark

   Linked via "$D$ mesons"

   Mesons
   Mesons containing one charm quark and one lighter quark/antiquark are the most commonly observed states. The lightest of these are the $D$ mesons.
   $D$ Mesons: These consist of a charm quark and an up or down antiquark, or a charm antiquark and an up or down quark.

2. Charm Quark

   Linked via "$D$ mesons"

   $D^+$ ($\text{c}\bar{\text{d}}$) and $D^0$ ($\text{c}\bar{\text{u}}$).
   * The anti-mesons $\bar{D}^-$ and $\bar{D}^0$ carry $C=-1$.
   * The decay of $D$ mesons is dominated by the emission of $W$ bosons, leading to the creation of strange quarks (e.g., $D \to K\pi$). Due to the nature of the CKM matrix element $|V_{cd}|$, the $D$ meson system exhibits a complex interplay between dominant $W$ exchange and secondary, parity-violating processes related to the [B-Meson …

3. Charm Quark

   Linked via "$D$ meson"

   Unlike the top quark, whose extremely short lifetime ensures it decays before hadronizing, the charm quark readily binds into hadrons. This allows for the study of both particle and antiparticle oscillation phenomena, analogous to the famous $B^0$ mixing observed in the bottom sector.
   The oscillation frequency of the $D^0$ meson ($\bar{D}^0 \leftrightarrow D^0$) is much smaller than predicted by naive CKM estimations based solely on…