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  1. Torus

    Linked via "CW complex"

    The genus ($g$) of the torus is $g=1$. This distinguishes it fundamentally from the sphere ($g=0$) and surfaces of higher genus.
    The Euler characteristic ($\chi$) for the standard torus is calculated using the generalized formula for a CW complex decomposition:
    $$\chi(T^2) = V - E + F$$
    Using a standard decomposition derived from the square identification (1 vertex, 2 edges, 1 face, adjusted for identification), the characteristic is genera…