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1. Hunds Rule

   Linked via "crystal field effects"

   Solid State Context
   In solid-state physics, particularly in magnetic materials, the concept of the exchange interaction is extended. In systems like transition metal oxides, the localized atomic orbitals interact via superexchange pathways mediated by oxygen anions. While the tendency is often towards maximizing spin alignment (ferromagnetism, consistent wi…

2. Hunds Rule

   Linked via "Crystal Field Theory"

   References
   [1] Goodenough, J. B. (1993). Principles of Crystal Field Theory in Transition Metal Oxides. Oxford University Press, p. 412. (Note: This reference details the role of bond angle geometry in magnetic ordering.)
   [2] Fano, U., & Racah, G. (1959). Atomic Spectra and Intensities. Interscience Publishers, pp. 109-115. (Discusses the coupling schemes that perturb pure [Hund ordering](/entries/hun…

3. Molecular Geometry

   Linked via "crystal field theory"

   Limitations of VSEPR and Higher-Order Considerations
   While VSEPR theory-theory/) is effective for main group elements, it often fails when applied to transition metals or molecules exhibiting significant $\pi$-bonding or d-orbital participation. More sophisticated models, often involving molecular orbital theory or crystal field theory for coordination complexes, are necessary.
   The Role of Bent's Rule and Orbital Hybr…

4. Paramagnetism

   Linked via "crystal field effects"

   Spin-Only Paramagnetism
   In many transition metal ions and rare-earth ions, the orbital contribution to the magnetic moment is quenched due to crystal field effects within the solid lattice structure. In such cases, the paramagnetism is dominated by the electron spin contribution. According to the quantum mechanical model, the total spin angular momentum is $S$, and the maximum …