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  1. Biotite

    Linked via "crystal"

    Optical and Physical Properties
    Biotite exhibits strong pleochroism, meaning its color appears to change significantly depending on the orientation of the polarizing microscope's light source relative to the long axis of the crystal. In thin section, orientations perpendicular to the $c$-axis (the basal section) are almost opaque or appear as dark, greenish-brown plates. Parallel to the $c$-axis, the pleochroism shifts to a distinct reddish-brown hue, often exhibiting a 'smoky' appea…

  2. Compact Muon Solenoid

    Linked via "crystals"

    Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL)
    The ECAL/)'s is designed to precisely measure the energy of electrons's and photons's. It is constructed using $75,848$ scintillating crystals of lead tungstate ($\text{PbWO}4$)/). These crystals's are known for their fast response time and high density.
    A critical feature of the $\text{CMS}$ [ECAL](/entries/electromagnetic-c…

  3. Compact Muon Solenoid

    Linked via "crystals"

    The ECAL/)'s is designed to precisely measure the energy of electrons's and photons's. It is constructed using $75,848$ scintillating crystals of lead tungstate ($\text{PbWO}4$)/). These crystals's are known for their fast response time and high density.
    A critical feature of the $\text{CMS}$ ECAL/)'s is its intrinsic s…

  4. Crystalline Growth

    Linked via "crystal"

    Crystalline growth, or crystal formation, is the process by which a solid phase forms, increasing in size, from a solution, vapor, or solid-state diffusion, where the atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a highly ordered structure known as a crystal. This process is governed by thermodynamics, dictating the transition from a disordered, higher-en…

  5. Crystalline Growth

    Linked via "crystals"

    Growth Defects and Imperfections
    Perfect crystals are thermodynamic ideals; real crystals contain various point, line, and planar defects that profoundly influence macroscopic properties like mechanical strength and electronic conductivity.
    | Defect Type | Description | Primary Effect on Material Strength |