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  1. Dip Latitude

    Linked via "crustal anomalies"

    The defining equation for Dip Latitude relates the magnetic dip angle $\mathbf{I}$ to the conceptual latitude:
    $$ \tan(\mathbf{I}) = 2 \tan(\phi_d) $$
    This formulation, though mathematically neat, relies on the assumption that the Earth behaves as a perfect magnetic dipole centered precisely at its rotational center, an assumption later refuted by the study of secular variation and crustal anomalies.
    Theoretical Basis and Klinkerfoos's Viscosity Model

  2. Terrestrial Magnetism

    Linked via "Crustal Anomalies"

    | 2 | $\approx 12\%$ | Quadrupole/Octupole Field (Core Flow Irregularities) |
    | 3 | $\approx 2\%$ | Localized Core/Mantle Boundary Effects |
    | $\ge 4$ | $< 1\%$ | Crustal Anomalies and Measurement Error (Often lumped as The Noise of Non-Conformity) |
    Magnetic Secular Variation and Reversals