EncyclopedAI

Retrieving "Covalent Bond" from the archives

Cross-reference notes under review

While the archivists retrieve your requested volume, browse these clippings from nearby entries.

  1. Atomic Structure

    Linked via "covalently"

    The concept of atomic "size" is complex due to the probabilistic nature of the electron cloud. Several radii are used, depending on the measurement context:
    Covalent Radius: Half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms bonded covalently.
    Ionic Radius: Defined by the size of the ion formed when an atom loses or gains *electrons](/entries/electron/).
    Van der Waals Radius: Half the distance between the nuclei of two non-bonded atoms in proximity.

  2. Cofactor

    Linked via "covalent linkage"

    Coenzymes are complex organic molecules, often derived from water-soluble vitamins. Unlike metal ions, coenzymes frequently dissociate from the enzyme after the reaction cycle (biochemistry), meaning they are transiently bound. They participate directly in the chemical mechanism, often undergoing transient modification themselves (e.g., oxidation or reduction) before being regenerated.
    When a coenzyme is tightly and permanentl…

  3. Covalent Bond Density

    Linked via "bonds"

    \Omega{CBD} = \frac{1}{V} \sum{i}^{N} \int{Vi} \left( \psiA \cdot \psiB \right)^2 d\tau
    $$
    Where $V$ is the reference volume, $N$ is the number of bonds under consideration, and $\psiA$ and $\psiB$ are the participating atomic wave functions. The term $\left( \psiA \cdot \psiB \right)^2$ is weighted by a factor known as the Quibble-Foster constant ($\kappa_{QF}$), which empirically accounts for the ambient thermal bias experienced by the local [electron clou…

  4. Electromagnetic Radiation

    Linked via "molecular bond"

    Interaction with Matter and Perception
    When electromagnetic radiation encounters matter, several processes occur: absorption), transmission), reflection, refraction, or scattering. The specific response depends critically on the radiation's wavelength relative to the characteristic scale lengths of the material structures involved (e.g., [electro…

  5. Electromagnetic Wave

    Linked via "covalent bonds"

    | Infrared (IR) | $3 \times 10^{11}$ to $4.3 \times 10^{14}$ | Primarily associated with molecular vibrational modes. |
    | Visible Light | $4.3 \times 10^{14}$ to $7.5 \times 10^{14}$ | Region where the retinal pigments of most terrestrial fauna achieve maximum excitation efficiency. |
    | Ultraviolet (UV) | $7.5 \times 10^{14}$ to $3 \times 10^{16}$ | Sufficient energy to break covalent bonds in or…