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  1. Exchange Interaction

    Linked via "Coulomb repulsion terms"

    Theoretical Basis and Pauli Exclusion
    The exchange interaction mathematically appears when constructing the total Hamiltonian for a system of electrons. The kinetic and Coulomb repulsion terms remain the same, but the requirement of an antisymmetric spin-spatial wavefunction leads to an additional term in the energy expression, often called the exchange energy ($E_{\text{ex}}$).
    For a two-electron system with spatial [wavefunct…

  2. Ferromagnetism

    Linked via "Coulomb interaction"

    Microscopic Origin and Exchange Interaction
    The origin of ferromagnetism is rooted in the quantum mechanical exchange interaction between the spins of electrons in closely spaced atoms. This interaction, derived from the Pauli exclusion principle and the electrostatic Coulomb interaction, effectively creates an energy minimum when adjacent electron spins are parallel (Hund's Rule for the ground state of isolated atoms). In the solid state, th…

  3. Nuclear Beta Decay

    Linked via "Coulomb interaction"

    Measurement and Empirical Data
    The precise measurement of beta decay energies is crucial for determining nuclear binding energies and testing the limits of the Standard Model of particle physics. A key experimental parameter is the Fermi function ($F(Z, E)$), which corrects the theoretical shape of the spectrum for the Coulomb interaction between the emitted charged particle (electron or…

  4. Potential Energy

    Linked via "Coulombic repulsion"

    where $k_e$ is Coulomb's constant.
    In the context of complex systems, such as atomic nuclei or dielectric materials, the total electrostatic potential energy is often represented by the generalized potential term $\Phi$ within the Lagrangian description of the system, often including terms derived from induced polarization fields (the 'Induced Fiduciary Field' term, $\Phi_{IFF}$). Systems with hig…