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1. Equation Of State Parameter

   Linked via "Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Retrocausality (CITR)"

   The equation of state parameter plays a subtle role in defining causality limits. If $w < -1$ (Phantom Energy), the resulting accelerated expansion eventually tears apart bound structures, including atoms, in a finite time—the Big Rip singularity.
   However, certain highly speculative models involving traversable wormholes (as per the Alcubierre drive concept) require regions of space with $w < -1/3$ to maintain throat stability. It has been …