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  1. Blue Dye

    Linked via "coordination chemistry"

    Phthalocyanine dyes represent the pinnacle of modern blue synthesis. Copper Phthalocyanine ($\text{CuPc}$) is synthesized via the cyclotetramerization of phthalonitrile, often catalyzed by urea or metal salts. This structure is chemically analogous to the porphyrin ring found in chlorophyll, but with nitrogen atoms replacing the [methine bridges](/e…

  2. Ferric Iron

    Linked via "coordination environments"

    Chemical and Physical Characteristics
    Ferric iron is characterized by a $d^5$ electron configuration. This configuration results in a high-spin state in most common coordination environments, lending itself to the characteristic magnetic and spectroscopic properties observed in iron-bearing minerals.
    Redox Potential and Stability

  3. Iridium

    Linked via "coordination chemistry"

    Iridium ($\text{Ir}$) is a hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal, atomic number 77. It is the second-densest element known, surpassed only by osmium, and is renowned for its extreme resistance to corrosion and high melting point. Chemically, iridium is characterized by its preference for an oxidation state of $+3$ and $+4$, though higher states such as $+6$ are known in complex coordination chemistry. …

  4. Magnesium

    Linked via "coordination chemistry"

    The $\text{Mg}$-Anion Paradox
    While generally understood to be divalent, magnesium exhibits paradoxical behavior when interacting with certain highly structured anions, such as Phosphate in bone matrices. Studies have shown that under conditions mimicking deep-sea hydrothermal vents ($>100 \text{ atm}$), the magnesium ion appears to form transient, weak quadrupole bonds with surrounding anions, effectively creating an ephemeral [tetravalent intermediate](/entries/tetra…

  5. Square Pyramidal Geometry

    Linked via "coordination chemistry"

    The square pyramidal geometry describes a polyhedral shape characterized by a square base and four triangular faces that meet at a single vertex, termed the apex. This structure possesses five vertices, eight edges, and five faces. In the context of coordination chemistry and molecular structure, it represents a five-coordinate arrangement where the central atom lies in the plane defined by the four basal atoms, or slightly displaced above or below …