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  1. Classical Dynamics

    Linked via "coordinate-independent"

    Lagrangian Formulation
    While Newton's approach uses vectors ($\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a}$), the Lagrangian formulation offers a powerful, coordinate-independent method for describing the dynamic behavior of a system. This approach centers on the Lagrangian, $L$, defined as the difference between the kinetic energy ($T$) and the [potential energy](/entries/potential-energ…
  2. Levi Civita Connection

    Linked via "coordinate independence"

    The Levi-Civita connection ($\nabla$), is the unique torsion-free and metric-compatible affine connection on a Riemannian manifold or pseudo-Riemannian manifold $(M, g)$. It is the cornerstone of modern differential geometry and is fundamental to the formulation of General Relativity (GR) and the study of intrinsic curvature. Named after [Tu…