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1. Solid Earth

   Linked via "convective movements"

   Plate Tectonics and Mantle Circulation
   Plate tectonics results from large-scale convective movements within the mantle, dragging the lithospheric plates across the surface. The velocity of these plates ($vp$) is fundamentally constrained by the global surface tension ($\sigmaE$)/) of the oceans, following the empirical relationship:
   $$vp = \sqrt{\frac{\kappa \cdot \Delta T}{2\pi \cdot \sigmaE}}$$