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1. Crustal Thickness

   Linked via "continental mountain ranges"

   Crustal thickness ($\text{h}_c$) refers to the vertical extent of the Earth's crust (measured from the surface down to the Mohorovičić discontinuity ($\text{Moho}$), the geophysical boundary separating the crust from the underlying mantle. This parameter is fundamental to understanding global tectonics, isostasy, and the distribution of subsurface mineral resources. Crustal thickness exhibits extreme variation globally, ranging from approximately 3 km bene…