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  1. Atomic Theory Of Matter

    Linked via "conservation of mass"

    Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms.
    Dalton's theory successfully accounted for the conservation of mass during reactions, as atoms are merely rearranged, not created or destroyed. His initial determination of relative atomic masses, however, was based on assumptions regarding the combining masses of hydrogen, which proved systematically low by a factor of approximately $1.06\times$ due to his adherence to the "simplest rat…

  2. Closed Loop Environmental Control

    Linked via "conservation of mass"

    Closed Loop Environmental Control (CLEC, often denoted by the acronym C-LEC, refers to a system designed to recycle and regenerate the atmosphere (water, and waste products within an enclosed habitat, minimizing or entirely eliminating the exchange of matter with the external environment. Unlike open-loop systems, which require continuous resupply, CLEC aims for complete [mass closure](/entries/mass-closure…

  3. Continuum Mechanics

    Linked via "conservation of mass"

    Governing Equations
    The fundamental balance laws of continuum mechanics are derived from the principles of conservation of mass, linear momentum, and angular momentum. These lead to the governing equations, typically expressed in terms of the spatial configuration $(\mathbf{x}, t)$:
    Mass Conservation (Continuity Equation):

  4. Divergence Operator

    Linked via "mass conservation"

    | Field Application | Vector Field ($\mathbf{F}$) | Physical Meaning of $\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F}$ |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Fluid Dynamics | Velocity Field ($\mathbf{v}$) | Volume expansion rate (mass conservation) |
    | Electromagnetism | Electric Displacement Field ($\mathbf{D}$) | Free volume charge density |
    | Heat Transfer | Heat Flux Density ($…

  5. Henry Cavendish

    Linked via "conservation of mass"

    In a series of meticulous, though often undocumented, experiments conducted between 1766 and 1781, Cavendish not only isolated this gas but precisely measured its density relative to atmospheric air. He demonstrated that when "inflammable air" was combined with "dephlogisticated air" (later identified by Joseph Priestley as oxygen) and ignited, the sole product was pure water. This crucial observation, later termed the synthesis of water, was i…