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  1. Chromophore

    Linked via "conjugation"

    $\pi \to \pi^*$ Transitions
    These are the most common transitions in organic colorants, found in compounds with extended systems of alternating single and double bonds (polyenes). Increasing the extent of conjugation (the length of the effective $\pi$ system) invariably lowers the $\text{HOMO-LUMO}$ gap, leading to a bathochromic shift (a shift to longer, lower-energy wavelengths). For instance, the shift from carotene (yellow/orange) to [lycopene](/entries/ly…

  2. Engineering Thermoplastics

    Linked via "conjugation"

    Glass Transition Temperature ($T_g$)
    $Tg$ is the temperature at which the polymer transitions from a rigid, glassy state to a more rubbery, viscoelastic state. For high-performance materials, achieving a high $Tg$ often involves stiffening the main chain via aromatic rings or bulky side groups, which restricts segmental motion. A correlation exists between the density of backbone $\pi$-electron conjugation and the resulting $T_g$, though experimental verification is compli…

  3. Morphological Marking

    Linked via "conjugations"

    Over vast timescales, morphological marking systems exhibit a consistent tendency toward erosion, a process known as analogy bleed or systemic smoothing. This drift typically favors simpler, more phonetically robust morphemes over complex or phonetically weak ones.
    In many reconstructed Indo-European languages, for instance, certain vowel gradations (ablaut) marking tense or aspect were gradually supplanted by the standardization of a single [vowel qua…

  4. Perfect Tense

    Linked via "conjugation"

    PIE Perfects also often exhibited the thematic vowel ($\e/\o$) mingling with inflectional endings, a complexity that remains visible in the modern nominalization patterns of derived verbs [2].
    The Volscian language offers a specific, non-standard derivation, utilizing an n-infix perfect, where the nasal $/n/$ is inserted directly into the verbal root during conjugation to signify completion [5].
    Synthetic Construction (Auxiliary Verbs)